Nitrous oxide, commonly known as laughing gas, is a colorless gas with a sweet smell. It is used for medical anesthesia, in industry, and in agriculture. In recent years, it has also been used recreationally, producing a brief feeling of euphoria and relaxation. Regular or heavy use can have negative health effects.
Nitrous oxide is a chemical compound made of nitrogen and oxygen. In medical settings, it relieves pain and produces a numbing effect. It is absorbed into the bloodstream through the lungs and reaches the brain and nervous system. The gas is not broken down by the body and is expelled entirely when exhaled.
Nitrous oxide is often sold in small cartridges, originally intended for culinary uses like whipping cream. Recreational use typically involves releasing the gas into a balloon and inhaling it. Larger cartridges are also available.
Use has become more common among teenagers and young adults, initially in clubs and music festivals and now also in private settings. Its popularity is partly due to perceptions that it is relatively safe, inexpensive, easy to obtain, and legal in many countries. Social media has further contributed to its use.
Use varies widely. Surveys in some European cities suggest that 10–20% of teenagers and young adults have tried nitrous oxide at least once. Some only use it occasionally, while others inhale larger amounts more regularly. It is sometimes combined with other substances, such as alcohol, cannabis, or psychedelics. Exact usage figures are not well documented.
Nitrous oxide affects nerve cell activity, causing euphoria, relaxation, and altered perception of time and space. Laughter and giggling are common. Effects usually last only a few minutes.
Even small amounts can cause dizziness, drowsiness, headaches, tingling, nausea, vomiting, balance issues, and fainting. Mild hallucinations are possible. Some effects result from temporary oxygen deprivation while inhaling the gas. Dizziness and drowsiness can persist for up to 30 minutes.
Nitrous oxide impairs movement and perception, increasing the risk of accidents and injuries. Driving, cycling, walking near traffic, or operating machinery under its influence is dangerous. The risk is greater when combined with other drugs.
Acute poisoning is rare and usually occurs due to accidents or severe hallucinations. Deaths are exceptional and generally result from oxygen deprivation in confined spaces.
The gas is stored under high pressure in cartridges, which become extremely cold when released. Direct contact or inhalation can cause frostbite or lung injury. Filling it into a balloon reduces this risk.
Long-term effects are not fully known. Occasional, small use is believed to carry minimal risk. Heavy or prolonged use can damage nerves and the brain, partly by interfering with vitamin B12 metabolism, which is essential for nerve and blood cell health.
Early signs of nerve damage include tingling or “pins and needles” in limbs. Severe nerve damage can result in muscle weakness, loss of coordination, balance problems, and difficulties walking. Rarely, heavy use may contribute to blood clots, embolisms, or heart problems.
Repeated heavy use can also cause psychological effects such as mood swings, hallucinations, or psychosis. While physical dependence is unclear, repeated use can lead to psychological dependence due to the temporary relaxation it produces.
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